If you want to see the house we showed Tuesday (12/15/09), you can drive to the street: Silverbell Oasis Way, You will find the house pretty quickly. To "listen" to the house, just tune your radio to 105.7
If you want to see the house we showed Tuesday (12/15/09), you can drive to the street: Silverbell Oasis Way, You will find the house pretty quickly. To "listen" to the house, just tune your radio to 105.7
Posted at 11:20 PM | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
PASEDENA, CA (NASA JET PROPULSTION LABAORATORY) - The launch of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission is now rescheduled for Dec. 14, with a launch window of 6:09 to 6:23 AM Pacific Standard Time (7:09 - 7:23 AM Arizona time).
The first launch attempt scheduled for Dec. 11 was delayed due to an anomaly in the motion of a booster steering engine.
Mission managers have implemented a plan to completely resolve the anomaly.
This plan includes removing and replacing a suspect component on Friday, Dec. 11 allowing the Delta II to be ready for Monday's launch attempt.
The current weather forecast calls for an 80 percent chance of acceptable weather during the launch window.
The WISE spacecraft will circle Earth over the poles, scanning the entire sky one-and-a-half times in nine months. The mission will uncover hidden cosmic objects, including the coolest stars, dark asteroids and the most luminous galaxies.
After a one-month checkout, the mission will spend the next nine months mapping the cosmos in infrared light.
It will cover the whole sky one-and-a-half times, snapping millions of pictures of everything from near-Earth asteroids to faraway galaxies bursting with new stars.
"The last time we mapped the whole sky at these particular infrared wavelengths was 26 years ago," said Edward (Ned) Wright of UCLA, who is the principal investigator of the mission. "Infrared technology has come a long way since then. The old all-sky infrared pictures were like impressionist paintings -- now, we'll have images that look like actual photographs."
Once in orbit, the spacecraft will be checked out and calibrated.
Then it will begin the task of surveying the whole sky. This will take about six months, after which the spacecraft will begin to sweep the sky a second time, covering about one-half before the frozen coolant runs out. The mission's primary lifetime is expected to be about 10 months.
The closest of the mission's finds will be asteroids and comets with orbits that come relatively close to Earth's path around the sun.
These are called near-Earth objects.
The infrared explorer will provide size and composition information about hundreds of these objects, giving us a better idea of their diversity.
How many are dark like coal, and how many are shiny and bright?
And how do their sizes differ?
The mission will help answer these questions through its infrared observations, which provide information that can't be obtained using visible-light telescopes.
"We can help protect our Earth by learning more about the diversity of potentially hazardous asteroids and comets," said Amy Mainzer, deputy project scientist for the mission at JPL.
The farthest of the mission's targets are powerful galaxies that are either churning out loads of new stars or dominated by voracious black holes.
These galaxies are shrouded in dust, and often can't be seen in visible light. WISE will expose millions, and may even find the most energetic, or luminous, galaxy in the universe.
"WISE can see these dusty objects so far away that we will be looking back in time 10 billion years, when galaxies were forming," said Peter Eisenhardt, the mission's project scientist at JPL. "By scanning the entire sky, we'll learn just how extreme this galaxy formation process can get."
(Copyright 2009 by NASA/JPL. All Rights Reserved.)
Posted at 11:08 AM in Astronomy, Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
NORWAY (SPACE WEATHER BUREAU) - Wednesday morning, Dec. 9th, people in arctic Norway were stunned when a gigantic luminous spiral formed in the northern sky.
"We are used to seeing lots of auroras here in Norway, but this was different," says Nick Banbury of Harstad who witnessed the phenomenon on his way to work between 7:50 and 8:00 a.m. local time.
Banbury says "It consisted initially of a green beam of light similar in color to the aurora with a mysterious rotating spiral at one end. This spiral then got bigger and bigger until it turned into a huge halo in the sky with the green beam extending down to Earth. According to press reports, this could be seen all over northern Norway and must therefore have been very high up in the atmosphere to be seen hundreds of km apart."
Circumstantial evidence is mounting that the phenomenon was caused by a malfunctioning suborbital rocket, possibly a Bulava ICBM launched from a Russian submarine in the White Sea.
A Navtex no-fly alertwas issued for the White Sea on Dec. 9th, and photographers have recorded what appears to be the initial boost phase of a launch beneath the spiral.
A rocket motor spinning out of control could indeed explain the spiral pattern, as shown in this video of a Trident II missile launched from a US submarine in 2007. The Russian rocket hypothesis is plausible, but it has not yet been confirmed.
Reports and Videos: #1, #2, #3, #4, #5.
(Copyright 2009 by the Space Weather Bureau. All Rights Reserved.)
Posted at 07:54 AM in Astronomy, Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - The strong fall storm Arizona started the week with left wind damage, snow piles, and some much needed rain.
For most of southern Arizona it was the wind that got people talking. Below is a list of peak wind gusts Monday into Tuesday.
Ft. Huachuca/Sierra Vista 71 MPH
Canelo (Santa Cruz County) 70 MPH
Diamond Children's Hospital at University Medical Center 66 MPH
Rio Rico (Santa Cruz County) 62 MPH
Bisbee-Douglas Airport 53 MPH
Davis-Monthan AFB 48 MPH
Nogales International Airport 44 MPH
Tucson International Airport 41 MPH
Safford Airport 39 MPH
In northern Arizona the top wind gust reported was a 78 MPH wind gust in Chino Valley in Yavapai County.
In Phoenix a series of small power poles were knocked down and there were reports of three large trees were blown over.
Here in southern Arizona there were numerous reports of flickering lights but no long term power outages other than Mt. Lemmon where crews are working to restore power to Summerhaven. An ice storm preceeded the snow. According to Phil Mack, owner of the Mt. Lemmon General Store, thousands of trees are down.
In Sierra Vista, high winds damaged the roof of a storage unit on Highway 92 and Motel 6 on Fry Blvd. A Wendy's sign was also damaged on Fry Blvd.
In Tucson, a home near Cardinal & Valencia had it's roof blown off and a saguaro cactus toppled to the ground during the gusty winds.
Rain totals in the Tucson area ranged from 0.04 inches at the Pima Air and Space Museum to 0.35 inches on the east side of town along the Tanque Verde Wash.
Three rain gauges in the Catalina Mountains below the snow levels measured over an 1.5" of rain.
A rain gauge in Sedona measured 2.2' of rain in 20 hours. Washes are likely running in this area.
To check rain gauges in your neighborhood click here.
Snow totals across southern Arizona are limited to the mountain tops. Below is a list of the most recent snow reports.
Mt. Lemmon 12" to 24"
Mt. Bigelow 4"
Kitt Peak Trace
Chiricahua Mountains Trace
Sunrise Ski Park (White Mountains) 24" to 30"
Arizona Snowbowl (San Francisco Peaks) 12" to 23 "
Flagstaff, University Heights Neighborhood 26"
Interstate 17 near the Sedona exits, north to Flagstaff and Interstate 40 running east/west across northern Arizona were closed about 24 hours because of the snow.
For the latest road updates check Arizona Department of Transportation.
For the latest on ski conditions check Arizona Snowbowl and Sunrise Park Resort.
Do you have pictures or video of the storm? Damage? Snow? Rain? Upload them to See It, Snap It, Send It.
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 07:50 AM in Erin Jordan, Southeastern Arizona News/Weather | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By Aaron Pickering - email
Updated by Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Technically it's still fall for another two weeks, but a storm system moving into Arizona will make it feel and look like winter in some areas.
Southern Arizona is on the warm side of the storm so most people will experience only rain. Snow levels only drop to about 6000' by Tuesday morning with some rain/snow mix as low as 5000'.
Most people in southern Arizona live and travel below 6000'.
Showers begin today with increasing coverage after sunset. The biggest push of rain for southern Arizona will be overnight with heavy rain, thunder, and lightning possible during the early morning hours of Tuesday as a cold front moves through. Rain and snow taper off through the morning Tuesday with afternoon sunshine and a few leftover clouds and showers, mostly southeast of Tucson.
A Winter Storm Warning is in effect for eastern Pima, Santa Cruz, Cochise, Graham, and Greenlee counties above 6000' from 5 PM this evening to noon on Tuesday. 6" to 12" inches are possible from 6000' to 7000'. 12" to 18" 7000' and above.
In Graham and Greenlee counties a Blizzard Warning is in effect for the same time period above 8000'.
Winds will be gusty with this storm system. The breeze will pick up in southern Arizona this afternoon and peak overnight with 30 MPH winds and wind gusts 45 to 55 MPH. Where it is snowing, white out conditions are possible. Blowing dust could hamper travel at lower elevations today, until the rain begins. Blowing rain could also reduce visibility for travel overnight.
Since this is a wave of tropical moisture and southern Arizona is south of the cold pool of air, temperatures will be mild with the storm. 40s and 50s for lower elevations of southern Arizona the next few days.
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 08:02 AM in Erin Jordan, Severe Weather, Southeastern Arizona News/Weather | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Each month the Tucson National Weather Service crunches the numbers in their monthly climate report. This month reveals a trend that could make 2009 the warmest year on record in Tucson.
For the full report click here.
And for a synopsis...keep reading.
November 2009 was the 3rd warmest on record. (All official modern weather data is recorded at the Tucson International Airport.) It was also the 33rd driest. Weather records in Pima County date back into the late 1800s. Below are the official numbers for the month.
| November 2009 stats |
Month |
Normal |
Departure |
| Average high temperature |
78.7° |
72.3° |
+ 6.4° |
| Average low temperature |
50.1° |
45.1° |
+ 5.0° |
| Average temperature |
64.4° |
58.7° |
+ 5.7° |
| Rainfall (airport) |
0.13" |
0.67" |
- 0.54" |
From January through the month of November the average temperature is 73.1 degrees F. That currently ties the average temperature for the same eleven months in 1989, the warmest year on record for Tucson.
For the same time period, Tucson was 5.37" below average rainfall. That is more than half of the 30 year average. This ranks as the 4th driest on record. Even if Tucson picks up the average amount of rainfall in December (which is hopeful during this El Nino winter), we would end the year the 5th driest.
And since we are ending a decade (2000 to 2009) the National Weather Service also crunched those numbers. So far, this decade is the warmest and driest on record. The fall season (September, October, and November ) during this decade is also the warmest on record.
Looking ahead to December...check out the numbers below.
| Normal high temperature | 64.3° |
| Normal low temperature | 39.8° |
| Normal monthly temperature | 52.0° |
| Record high temperature | 85° on December 29, 1921 |
| (last of 4 occurrences) | |
| Record low temperature | 10° on December 14, 1901 |
| Warmest December (avg) | 58.1° in 1980 |
| Coldest December (avg) | 45.0° in 1911 |
| Normal rainfall | 1.07" |
| Wettest December day | 2.15" on December 6, 1906 |
| Wettest December | 5.85" in 1914 |
| Driest December | 0.00" in 1981 (last of 6 occurrences) |
| Record December snowfall | 6.8" in 1971 (8th) |
|
The number of daylight hours will decrease from 10 hours 12 minutes on the 1st to 10 hours 4 minutes on the 31st, a loss of 8 minutes. | |
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 08:19 AM in Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
Photo Source: Richard Kowalski
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Snow piled up on the mountain tops but the basins where most cities and towns are located only saw rain.
Most rainfall totals were limited but welcome.
According to the USDA's Drought Monitor much of Arizona is locked in a severe drought.
Snow totals in some areas will alleviate that threat but because the moisture was not widespread, don't expect the drought status to change significantly until we see repeated shots of winter rain and snow. Check out the snow totals in southern and eastern Arizona.
Mt. Graham (UA & Vatican telescope) 20"
Chiricahua National Monument 8"-10"
Paradise 7.3"
Hannagan Meadow 6"
Mt. Lemmon 3-6"
Mule Pass Tunnel (near Bisbee) 2"-3"
Tombstone 0.2"
Bisbee trace
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 12:03 PM in Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)
If you were in town this weekend you remember the storm that passed through, bringing us Sunday rain. The influx of moisture allowed for plenty of snow to fall at elevations of 6000 feet and above, bringing us the first snow event of the season. In the Catalinas, Mt. Lemmon saw its fair share of November snow with Sky Valley reporting 3 inches.
If you want to make the trip up to visit the snow, good news for those of you who don’t have heavy duty vehicles. Chains and 4-wheel drive are no longer required. It is not expected to snow tonight but it will still be cold so bundle up. The low tonight is expected to be 18°F with the high tomorrow, on Tuesday, at 47°F. Wednesday morning will get down to 19°F then increase back up to 51°F.
Posted at 05:03 PM | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - A tornado was spotted south of McNeal and north of Douglas in Cochise County on Sunday morning.
Viewer John Ey took a photo and sent to KOLD.com See It, Snap It, Sent It.
We forwarded it onto the National Weather Service (NWS) Office in Tucson.
A spotter reported the funnel cloud at 10:57 AM Sunday morning but the NWS only declared it a tornado after seeing John's photo.
The dust kicked up from the ground indicates that the funnel did make contact with the surface, therefore it is classified as a tornado.
This is a cold air funnel, which are found in the chilly,windy air behind cold fronts.
Various wind speeds and directions at different levels of the atmosphere create a rotation, which in this case sparked a tornado.
Cold air funnels are usually weak and cause minimal damage.
No damage was reported with this tornado.
Rain totals with this storm system have been spotty but some of you in the Tucson metropolitan area did win out with a quarter to a half of inch or more.
Check out 24 hour rain totals (updated hourly) at the Pima County Regional Flood District ALERT System.
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 12:45 PM in Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Snow has piled up on mountain tops all across southern Arizona.
Phil Mack, owner of the Mt. Lemmon General Store, reported 6" to 8" of snow Monday morning. A few more inches is possible today with storm snow totals approaching a foot.
A Winter Weather Advisory is in effect for areas in Cochise County above 6000' until 6 PM. An additional 3" to 6" of snowfall is possible in the mountains. Most towns and cities in Cochise County are below 6000'.
John Whitman sent in the photo at right of Ski Valley Sunday morning. See more photos at See It, Snap It, Send It.
Below is a list of elevations for towns and cities in southern Arizona.
Ajo 1798'
Picacho Peak 2000'
Marana 2055'
Organ Pipe National Monument 2200'
Three Points 2339'
Sells 2360'
Tucson 2400'
Oro Valley 2620'
Green Valley 2900'
Safford 2954'
Golder Ranch 3000'
Catalina 3100'
Tubac 3200'
Vail 3225'
Benson 3585'
Nogales 3869'
Douglas 3990'
Willcox 4300'
Oracle 4500'
Tombstone 4540'
Sierra Vista 4600'
Dragoon 4615'
Sonoita 4870'
Bisbee 5600'
Summer have 9157'
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 12:38 PM in Erin Jordan, Southeastern Arizona News/Weather | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Shuttle Atlantis landed safely in Florida at 7:44 AM (Arizona time) this Black Friday morning.
And tonight you can check out where the astronauts aboard Atlantis came from, the ISS.
Tonight look to the WNW at 6:35 PM.
About 1/3rd of the way up in the sky you will see a very bright light moving quickly.
That is the International Space Station.
For more flybys and information check SpaceWeather.com.
Just type in your zip code for a list of flybys over your home.
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 07:37 AM in Astronomy, Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Yam. Sweet potato. What's the difference?
There is actually a big difference!
Most of you are eating sweet potatoes, not yams, on this Thanksgiving afternoon.
It is believed that when southern farmers brought slaves in to work the fields, these slaves started calling sweet potatoes yams since they were similar to a common tuber from their native land.
The word yam is derived from "ynami", an African word, which means "starchy, edible root" or "to eat" according to different sources.
While sweet potatoes are tubers with a similar shape and texture of the white potatoes grown in mid-latitude climates, sweet potatoes are only distantly related to white potatoes and are not even related to yams.
Actual yams are the tubers of a tropical plant and often have dark brown or black skin with purple or red flesh.
The plants that produce the yam tubers cannot grow in the climates of the continental United States.
Sweet potatoes were initially found in Central America but farming spread into the southern United States through migration and trade.
According to the USDA there are generally two categories for sweet potatoes in the United States, soft and firm.
The USDA says the softer varieties are the ones often labeled as yams.
But because they are not actual yams, you will always see the wording "sweet potato" accompany the word "yam" on a label.
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 08:46 AM in Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
PASADENA, CA (NASA) – In the first video showing the auroras above the northern latitudes of Saturn, Cassini has spotted the tallest known "northern lights" in the solar system, flickering in shape and brightness high above the ringed planet.
New video reveals changes in Saturn's aurora every few minutes, in high resolution, with three dimensions.
The images show a previously unseen vertical profile to the auroras, which ripple in the video like tall curtains.
These curtains reach more than 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) above the edge of the planet's northern hemisphere.
The new video and still images are online at: http://www.nasa.gov/cassini , http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov and http://ciclops.org .
Auroras occur on Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and a few other planets, and the new images will help scientists better understand how they are generated.
"The auroras have put on a dazzling show, shape-shifting rapidly and exposing curtains that we suspected were there, but hadn't seen on Saturn before," said Andrew Ingersoll of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who is a member of the Cassini imaging team that processed the new video. "Seeing these things on another planet helps us understand them a little better when we see them on Earth."
Auroras appear mostly in the high latitudes near a planet's magnetic poles.
When charged particles from the magnetosphere -- the magnetic bubble surrounding a planet -- plunge into the planet's upper atmosphere, they cause the atmosphere to glow.
The curtain shapes show the paths that these charged particles take as they flow along the lines of the magnetic field between the magnetosphere and the uppermost part of the atmosphere.
The height of the curtains on Saturn exposes a key difference between Saturn's atmosphere and our own, Ingersoll said.
While Earth's atmosphere has a lot of oxygen and nitrogen, Saturn's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen.
Because hydrogen is very light, the atmosphere and auroras reach far out from Saturn. Earth's auroras tend to flare only about 100 to 500 kilometers (60 to 300 miles) above the surface.
The speed of the auroral changes in the video is comparable to some of those on Earth, but scientists are still working to understand the processes that produce these rapid changes.
The height will also help them learn how much energy is required to light up auroras.
"I was wowed when I saw these images and the curtain," said Tamas Gombosi of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, who chairs Cassini's magnetosphere and plasma science working group. "Put this together with the other data Cassini has collected on the auroras so far, and you really get a new science."
Ultraviolet and infrared instruments on Cassini have captured images of and data from Saturn's auroras before, but in these latest images, Cassini's narrow-angle camera was able to capture the northern lights in the visible part of the light spectrum, in higher resolution.
The movie was assembled from nearly 500 still pictures spanning 81 hours between Oct. 5 and Oct. 8, 2009. Each picture had an exposure time of two or three minutes.
The camera shot pictures from the night side of Saturn.
The images were originally obtained in black and white, and the imaging team highlighted the auroras in false-color orange.
The oxygen and nitrogen in Earth's upper atmosphere contribute to the colorful flashes of green, red and even purple in our auroras.
But scientists are still working to determine the true color of the auroras at Saturn, whose atmosphere lacks those chemicals.
(Copyright 2009 by NASA. All Rights Reserved.)
Posted at 07:31 AM in Astronomy, Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Ever want to experience life on Mars?
Now you can!
NASA makes it possible with their Be a Martian website.
It's not just about checking out the latest images and interacting with other Martians but NASA is taking the interactive website a step further asking you to help them improve Martian maps and study data sent back from real-life missions to the Red Planet.
Working on your home computer you become a citizen scientist, collaborating with NASA researchers to make more effective use of the data sent back from missions like the Phoenix Mars Lander, whose mission control was based at UA, the first time a university has been honored with that privilege.
Check out Be A Martian and have fun chatting with your virtual Martian neighbors!
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 07:52 AM in Astronomy, Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Icebergs believed to be part of a collapsed ice shelf from Antarctica are floating north towards New Zealand.
Icebergs this a far north of our coldest continent is unusual.
Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre identified the mass of at least 100 icebergs by satellite after the Australian Antarctic Division first spotted one moving north away from Antarctica in early November.
The icebergs are moving into shipping lanes and a warning has been issued for sea traffic in this area.
Check out a map of the icebergs by clicking here.
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 12:20 PM in Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
By First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (KOLD) - Before heading out the airport to take off for your Thanksgiving holiday or picking up your loved one be prepared.
Know where weather is backing up air traffic by checking our Air Travel Alert.
While on KOLD.com Weather Extras you can also check current weather across the country along with temperatures and the day's forecast.
Happy Thanksgiving week and travel safe!
©2009 KOLD. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Posted at 06:30 AM in Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by Erin Jordan - email
TUCSON, AZ (REALCLIMATE.ORG) - Some of the highest growing trees in the world are also the oldest—bristlecone pines (Pinus longaeva) from the Great Basin in the western United States (eastern California, Nevada and Utah).
The oldest example is more than 4800 years old.
Because of their longevity and growth at high elevations (where the growth of trees is generally known to be limited by temperature) bristlecone pines have been of particular interest to dendroclimatologists (paleoclimatologists who study tree rings to reconstruct past climate).
Numerous ecological studies carried out at treeline sites all over the world show that temperature imposes a critical limitation on the ability of trees to produce new tissue; mean daily temperatures of 8-9°C are required, so recent warming will have particular benefits for those trees that have managed to eke out an existence for so long, living “on the edge”.
An interesting characteristic of the western bristlecone pines is that their recent growth has markedly increased—ring widths have been higher than in previous decades.
Previous studies have debated to what extent this “fact” is real, or just an artifact of the way tree-ring data are analyzed.
Because the growth of trees is radial, as trees get older and the diameter of a tree increases, annual ring widths decline in thickness.
This is the normal “growth function” that is commonly removed from measurements before further analysis is carried out.
The trick is to do this carefully so that as much climate information is retained while the growth function is discarded, and dendroclimatologists know how to do this quite well.
However, sometimes the “standardization” procedure can introduce spurious results.
This led some to regard the apparent growth increase in bristlecone pines to be a meaningless result of the data processing.
In a new article in the Proceedings of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Matthew Salzer (Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona) and colleagues examine this issue head on.
They studied hundreds of trees from treeline sites in the Great Basin, aligned all the samples according to date, and simply averaged the results (Figure 1).
Given that these trees are all long-lived, the complicating factor of growth function (which is strongest for the early growth of a tree) was not significant for assessing the most recent growth.
Their results show that mean ring width in the last 50 years has been greater than in any previous 50 year period over the last 3700 years.
You have to go all the way back to ~1900-1300 B.C. to find mean ring widths approaching recent values.
Furthermore, the recent increase in ring widths is seen in trees at the upper forest border at sites hundreds of km away (even when the treelines there were at lower elevations)—but not in trees below the upper forest border.
Below the zone closest to treeline, wide rings are formed in cool, wet years, and narrow rings in warm, dry years, and trees from this lower zone do not show the 20th century growth surge.
It is thus clear that the bristlecone pines from the highest regions, close to their growth limit, are showing a very strong response to recent warming, and indicating just how unusual it has been in the context of the last few millennia.
Previous explanations have focused on possible CO2 fertilization effects (increasing water use efficiency) but there is no obvious reason why such factors would have affected only trees within approximately 150m of local treeline in different locations.
Rather, the high elevation trees, close to the limit of growth, have responded positively to the recent increase in temperature just as ecological studies would have predicted.
One final note: bristlecone pines often have an unusual growth form known as “strip bark morphology” in which annual growth layers are restricted to only parts of a tree’s circumference.
Some studies have suggested that such trees be avoided for paleoclimatic purposes, a point repeated in a recent National Academy of Sciences report (Surface temperature reconstructions for the last 2,000 years. NRC, 2006).
However Salzer et al’s study shows that there is no significant difference in their results when the data are divided into two classes—strip bark and non-strip-bark cases –when the raw unstandardized data are compared. So that particular issue has apparently had people barking up the wrong tree…
(Copyright 2009 by the RealClimate.org. All Rights Reserved.)
Posted at 06:46 AM | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email Nestle says heavy rain hurt its pumpkin harvest so there may be a shortage of its Libby's pumpkin pie products through the holidays. The company is responsible for nearly all the canned pumpkin sold in the U.S. It announced this week that it will not pack any more pumpkins this year. So shoppers may see some shortages until next year's harvest. (Copyright 2009 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.) PORTLAND, OR (AP) - The holidays may not be so sweet this year.
Posted at 04:24 AM | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
WASHINGTON, DC (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC NEWS) - Below its icy crust Jupiter's moon Europa is believed to host a global ocean up to a hundred miles (160 kilometers) deep, with no land to speak of at the surface.
And the extraterrestrial ocean is currently being fed more than a hundred times more oxygen than previous models had suggested, according to provocative new research.
That amount of oxygen would be enough to support more than just microscopic life-forms: At least three million tons of fishlike creatures could theoretically live and breathe on Europa, said study author Richard Greenberg of the University of Arizona in Tucson.
"There's nothing saying there is life there now," said Greenberg, who presented his work last month at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences. "But we do know there are the physical conditions to support it."
In fact, based on what we know about the Jovian moon, parts of Europa's seafloor should greatly resemble the environments around Earth's deep-ocean hydrothermal vents, said deep-sea molecular ecologist Timothy Shank.
"I'd be shocked if no life existed on Europa," said Shank, of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, who was not involved in the new study.
Despite the promising new estimates, it's too early to do more than speculate about how Europan life might have evolved. A closer look—perhaps by a NASA orbiter now in development—will be needed to tell exactly how chemicals are distributed on Europa and how the moon's geologic history might have contributed to life's chances.
(Copyright 2009 by National Geographic News. All Rights Reserved.)
Posted at 11:13 AM in Astronomy, Erin Jordan | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted by First Alert Meteorologist Erin Jordan - email
ATLANTA, GA (AP) -- Dear Kellogg: Leggo my Eggo!
Kellogg Co. says there will be a nationwide shortage of its popular Eggo frozen waffles until next summer because of interruptions in production at two of the four plants that make them.
The company's Atlanta plant was shut down for an undisclosed period by a September storm that dumped historic amounts of rain in the area. Meanwhile, several production lines at its largest bakery in Rossville, Tenn., are closed indefinitely for repairs, company spokeswoman Kris Charles said in an e-mail.
It will take until the middle of 2010 before shelves around the country are stocked at pre-shutdown levels, Charles said.
Already customers are noticing near-empty Eggo shelves on the freezer aisle at many grocery stores.
Stay-at-home mom Joey Resciniti says she bought one of the last two boxes of Eggos at a Walmart in Cranberry Township, Pa., on Monday. The frozen waffles are a favorite of her 4-year-old daughter, Julia.
"We have eight of them, and if we ration those -- maybe have half an Eggo in one sitting -- then it'll last longer," said Resciniti, who blogs about being a mother. "I told my husband that maybe I need to put them on eBay."
Charles didn't know how long the Atlanta plant was shut down, but said that it's back at full production now.
The existing stock of Eggos will be distributed nationally based on stores' sales histories of the waffles, Charles said.
"We are working around the clock to restore Eggo store inventories to normal levels as quickly as possible," she wrote in the e-mail.
Eggo first hit the shelves in 1960, and its cult following grew in the following years. Kellogg started using the famed slogan "Leggo my Eggo" in 1972. For years, the waffles have been a staple for busy moms and college students looking for a quick breakfast.
This week, news of the shortage spread quickly on Twitter as shoppers reported not being able to find the breakfast food. Fans of Eggos lamented their scarcity on the waffle's Facebook page, which has more than 400 members.
Eggos are also made at plants in San Jose, Calif., and Blue Anchor, N.J.
(Copyright 2009 by the Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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